Literature and Validation¶
This literature documents peer-reviewed studies that validate and apply M-Star’s lattice Boltzmann CFD methods across a range of physical models, numerical approaches, and engineering applications. See also References.
Literature¶
Bioreactor Performance and Bubble Mass Transfer¶
Anand, A., McCahill, M., Thomas, J., Sood, A., Kinross, J., Dasgupta, A., and Rajendran, A. “An in-silico analysis of hydrodynamics and gas mass transfer characteristics in scale-down models for mammalian cell cultures,” Journal of Biotechnology, 388: 2024.
Dasgupta, A., Thomas, J., Anand, A., DeVincentis, B., McCahill, M., Sood, A., Kinross, J., and Rajendran, A. “Integrative in-silico models for mammalian cell cultures in single-use bioreactors; Bridging hydrodynamics, kinetics, and process control across scales,” Journal of Biotechnology, 406: 2025.
Hanspal, N., DeVincentis, B., Thomas, J. “Modeling multiphase fluid flow, mass transfer, and chemical reactions in bioreactors using large-eddy simulation,” Engineering in Life Sciences, 2022.
Hill, M., White, C., Wang, S., Thomas, J., DeVincentis, B., Singh, N. “Computational fluid dynamics based digital twins of fixed bed bioreactors validate scaling principles for recombinant adeno-associated virus gene therapy manufacturing,” Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 2024.
Jamshidian, R., Scully, J., and Van de Akker, H. “A novel model for the simulation of cell respiration in a mammalian cell culture process in an aerated stirred bioreactor,” Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 222: 2025.
Kuschel, M., Wutz, J., Salli, M., Monteil, D., and Wucherpfennig, T. “CFD supported scale up of perfusion bioreactors in biopharma” Frontiers in Chemical Engineering, 5: 2023.
Oliveira, C., Pace, Z., Thomas, J., DeVincentis, B., Sirasitthichoke, C., Egan, S., and Lee, J. “CFD-based bioreactor model with proportional-integral-derivative controller functionality for dissolved oxygen and pH,” Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 2023.
Schlaich, E., Thomas, J., Kandari, L., Tremml, G., and Khetan, A. “Experimental and computational characterization of mass transfer in high turndown bioreactors,” Biotechnology Progress, 2023.
Thomas, J., DeVincentis, B., Hanspal, N., and Kehn, R. “Predicting gas-liquid mass transfer rates in reactors using a bubble parcel model,” Chemical Engineering Sciences, 264: 2022.
Thomas, J., Liu, X., DeVincentis, B., Hua, H., Yao, G., Borys, M., Aron, K., and Pendse, G. “A mechanistic approach for predicting mass transfer in bioreactors,” Chemical Engineering Science, 237: 2021.
Bioreactor Performance and Free Surface Mass Transfer¶
Farsani, H., Wutz, J., DeVincentis, B., Thomas, J., Motevalian, S. “Modeling Mass Transfer in Stirred Microbioreactors,” Chemical Engineering Science, 248(B): 2022.
Thomas, J., Rahman, A., Wutz, J., Wang, Y., DeVincentis, B., McGuire, B., Cao, L. “Modeling free surface gas transfer in agitated lab-scale bioreactors,” Chemical Engineering Communications, 210: 2023.
Mixing and Blending¶
Fitschen, J., Hofmann, S., Wutz, J., Kameke, A., Hoffmann, M., Wucherpfennig, T., and Schlüter, M. “Novel evaluation method to determine the local mixing time distribution in stirred tank reactors,” Chemical Engineering Science: X, 10: 2021.
Kersebaum, J., Flaischlen, S., Hofinger, J., and Wehinger, G. “Simulating Stirred Tank Reactor Characteristics with a Lattice Boltzmann CFD Code,” Chemical Engineering and Technology, 47(3): 2023.
Miller, R., Barber, I., Lue, L., Sefcik, J., and Nazemifard, N. “Mixing Times of Miscible Liquid Systems in Agitated Vessels,” Processes, 13(4): 2025.
Mirfasihi, S., Basu, W., Martin, P., Kowalski, A., Fonte, C., and Keshmiri, A. “A numerical study on the mixing time prediction of miscible liquids with high viscosity ratios in turbulently stirred vessels,” Chemical Engineering Science, 304: 2025.
Noble, S., Poirier, M., and Thomas, J. “Blending and Cavern Formation within Non-Newtonian Fluids in Stirred Tanks: Application to Nuclear Waste Fluid Processing,” Chemical Engineering Science, 266: 2023.
Pace, J., Sirasitthichoke, C., and Armenante, P. “Experimental Determination and Computational Prediction of Blend Time in the USP Dissolution Testing Apparatus 1,” Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 194: 2023.
Sirasitthichoke, C., Hoang, D., Phalak, P., Armenante, P., Barnoon, B., and Shandil, I. “Computational prediction of blend time in a large-scale viral inactivation process for monoclonal antibodies biomanufacturing,” Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 120 (1): 2023.
Thomas, J., Sinha, K., Shivkumar, G., Cao, L., Funck, M., Shang, S., and Nere, N. “A CFD Digital Twin to Understand Miscible Fluid Blending,” AAPS PharmSciTech, 22(91): 2021.
Weiland, C., Steuwe, E., Fitschen, J., Hoffmann, M., Schlüter, M., Padberg-Gehle, K., and von Kameke, A. “Computational study of three-dimensional Lagrangian transport and mixing in a stirred tank reactor,” Chemical Engineering Journal Advances, 14: 2023.
Heat and Mass Transfer¶
DeVincentis, B. and Thomas, A. “Application of flux limiters to passive scalar advection for the lattice Boltzmann method,” Computers & Mathematics with Applications, 144: 1–11, 2023.
Thomas, J., DeVincentis, B., Janz, E., and Turner, B. “A general approach for predicting convective heat transfer coefficients in turbulent systems,” International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 220: 2024.
Solids Suspension¶
Giacomelli, J., and Van den Akker, H. “A spectral approach of suspending solid particles in a turbulent stirred vessel,” AIChE Journal, 67(2): 2020.
Sirasitthichoke, C., Teoman, B., Thomas, J., and Armenante, P. “Computational prediction of the just-suspended speed, Njs, in stirred vessels using the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) coupled with a novel mathematical approach,” Chemical Engineering Science, 251: 2022.
Turbulence and LES Validation¶
Giacomelli, J., and Van den Akker, H. “Time Scales and Turbulent Spectra Above the Base of Stirred Vessels from Large Eddy Simulations,” Flow, Turbulence and Combustion, 105: 31–62, 2020.
Hofmann, S., Rautenbach, R. et al. “Lagrangian Sensor Particles for detecting hydrodynamic heterogeneities in industrial bioreactors: Experimental analysis and Lattice-Boltzmann simulations,” Chemical Engineering Journal Advances, 22: 2025.
Kuschel, M., Fitschen, J., Hoffmann, M., von Kameke, A., Schlüter, M., and Wucherpfennig, T. “Validation of Novel Lattice Boltzmann Large Eddy Simulations (LB LES) for Equipment Characterization in Biopharma,” Processes, 9(6): 2021.
Hydrodynamic Stress on Living Cells¶
Haringa, C. “An analysis of organism lifelines in an industrial bioreactor using Lattice-Boltzmann CFD,” Engineering in Life Sciences, 23(1): 2022.
Šrom, O., Šoóš, M., Kuschel, M., Wucherpfennig, T., Fitschen, J., and Schlüter, M. “Study of hydrodynamic stress in cell culture bioreactors via lattice-Boltzmann CFD simulations supported by micro-probe shear stress method,” Biochemical Engineering Journal 208: 2024.
Van Valderen, R., Juarez-Garza, B., Klijn, M., Ottens, M., and Haringa, C. “Implicit large eddy simulations for hydrodynamic stress characterization in 125 mL shake flasks for stem cultures,” Biochemical Engineering Journal, 219: 2025.
Bubble and Droplet Dynamics¶
Poirier, M., Thomas, J., and Pareizs, J. “Modeling Gas Release from a Bingham Plastic Slurry and Deconvoluting Measured Data,” Chemical Engineering Science, 255: 2022.
Thomas, J., DeVincentis, B., Wutz, J., and Ricci, F. “Predicting the Diameters of Droplets Produced in Turbulent Liquid-Liquid Dispersion,” AIChE Journal, 68(7): 2022.
Weiland, C., von Kameke, A., and Schlüter, M. “Trajectory-based breakup modelling for dense bubbly flows” Chemical Engineering Journal, 499: 2024.
Other¶
Ali, S., and Castleberry, S. “Investigating the Hydrodynamics of Intravenous Drug Infusions,” International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 651: 2024.
Göbel, S., Zinnecker, T., et al. “Optimization of YF17D-Vectored Zika Vaccine Production by Employing Small-Molecule Viral Sensitizers to Enhance Yields” Vaccines, 13(7): 2025.
Partopour, B., Hazarika, A., Wutz, J., Thomas, J., and Menahem, D. “Computational Fluid Dynamics for Enhancing Dissolution Applications in Biopharmaceutical Manufacturing” Sartorius, 2025.